Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat

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Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat-5

20 mM buffer, pH6.5 (●), or in Hepes buffer 50 mM, pH7.5, in the absence (△), or in the presence of 2 (■) or 5 (□) zinc equivalents.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/62</p><p>Retrovirology 2008;5():62-62.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2483996.</p><p></p

Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat-4

Rformed in the absence (black solid line), or in the presence of 4 μM holo-Tat (blue dashed line), 8 μM holo-Tat (red dashed-dotted line), 8 μM zinc sulfate (purple dotted line), or 16 μM zinc sulfate (green dashed-dotted-dotted line), in PMG buffer at 37°C. At the time indicated by the first arrow, samples were cooled to 10°C. The second arrow represents one hour of incubation at 4°C. The trace with 8 μM apo-Tat was indistinguishable from the control and was thus not represented. B. Electron micrographs of 6 μM tubulin in the presence of 8 μM holo-Tat, or 16 μM zinc sulfate, in PMG buffer at 37°C and after cold depolymerisation at 10°C or 4°C.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/62</p><p>Retrovirology 2008;5():62-62.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2483996.</p><p></p

Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat-2

S sedimentation coefficient distribution C(S) of tubulin (5 μM) in the absence (black solid line), or in the presence of 10 μM holo-Tat (blue dashed line) or 10 μM apo-Tat (red dotted line). Inset: Full range C(S) of tubulin (5 μM) in the presence of 10 μM apo-Tat (red dotted line). Tat contributed to less than 10% of the signal. B. Electron micrograph of 5 μM tubulin in the presence of 10 μM apo-Tat, in PG buffer.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/62</p><p>Retrovirology 2008;5():62-62.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2483996.</p><p></p

Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat-1

Hepes buffer 50 mM, 0.05% IGEPAL CA-230, pH7.5, at 20°C. The continuous lines are fits to the experimental points with Equation 1.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/62</p><p>Retrovirology 2008;5():62-62.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2483996.</p><p></p

Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat-0

20 mM buffer, pH6.5 (●), or in Hepes buffer 50 mM, pH7.5, in the absence (△), or in the presence of 2 (■) or 5 (□) zinc equivalents.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/62</p><p>Retrovirology 2008;5():62-62.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2483996.</p><p></p

Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat-3

Were performed in the absence (black solid line), or in the presence of 2 μM (blue dashed line), 3 μM (red dotted line), or 4 μM (green dashed-dotted line) of A) apo-Tat or B) holo-Tat, in PMG buffer at 37°C. At the time indicated by the arrow, samples were cooled to 10°C. C. Electron micrographs of 15 μM tubulin in the absence or the presence of 4 μM apo-Tat, or 4 μM holo-Tat at 37°C and after cold depolymerisation at 10°C, in PMG buffer.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/62</p><p>Retrovirology 2008;5():62-62.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2483996.</p><p></p

Three Rounds of External Quality Assessment in France to Evaluate the Performance of 28 Platforms for Multiparametric Molecular Testing in Metastatic Colorectal and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

International audiencePersonalized medicine has gained increasing importance in clinical oncology, and several clinically important biomarkers are implemented in routine practice. In an effort to guarantee high quality of molecular testing in France, three subsequent external quality assessment rounds were organized at the initiative of the National Cancer Institute between 2012 and 2014. The schemes included clinically relevant biomarkers for metastatic colorectal (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, microsatellite instability) and non-small cell lung cancer (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, ERBB2), and they represent the first multigene/multicancer studies throughout Europe. In total, 56 laboratories coordinated by 28 regional molecular centers participated in the schemes. Laboratories received formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples and were asked to use routine methods for molecular testing to predict patient response to targeted therapies. They were encouraged to return results within 14 calendar days after sample receipt. Both genotyping and reporting were evaluated separately. During the three external quality assessment rounds, mean genotype scores were all above the preset standard of 90% for all biomarkers. Participants were mainly challenged in case of rare insertions or deletions. Assessment of the written reports showed substantial progress between the external quality assessment schemes on multiple criteria. Several essential elements such as the clinical interpretation of test results and the reason for testing still require improvement by continued external quality assessment education